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2004年5月26日 2:11pm PT 　およそ6500万年前、メキシコ沿岸に巨大な小惑星が衝突し、地球の大気が著しく高温になったことにより、衝突から数時間のうちに地上の無防備な生物は焼き尽くされてしまった――こう主張する論文が、米国の地球物理学者と地質学者で構成される研究チームから発表された。

　『米国地質学会紀要』の5・6月号に掲載されたこの論文は、恐竜が絶滅したのはメキシコのチチュルブに小惑星が衝突してから数ヵ月ないし数年が経った後とする、これまで広く受け入れられてきた説を否定している。通説では、小惑星の衝突で巻き上がった塵が大気中に充満して日光を遮断したため、暗く寒冷な冬が訪れ、これが直接の原因となって地球上の植物の量が減少したとされている。

　今回出された新しい説は、こうした「核の冬」に似た状況の影響を完全に否定しているわけではないが、直径10キロほどの小惑星が地球に衝突(画像)してからの数時間が、恐竜の絶滅において最も致命的だったと述べている。

　この研究チームを率いたコロラド大学ボールダー校の地球物理学者、ダグラス・ロバートソン博士は次のように述べている。「核の冬はやはり重要だったと思うが、多くの生物が直ちに死滅したとわれわれは考えている。衝突で発生した熱で、大陸上のバイオマス(生物資源)は灰と化しただろう」

　今回の論文を執筆した5人の研究者たちは、既存の調査結果に基づく推定値を使用して、小惑星の衝突で発生したエネルギーがTNT火薬換算で1億メガトンの爆発に相当すると算出した。衝突の勢いで塵が大気中に舞い上がり、その多くは燃えながら大気中を漂っただろうと論文は推測する。これで、地球は巨大なオーブンのようになったと考えられる。

　海中や地中にいたものを除き、すべての生物は「分ないし時間の単位の期間」のうちに死滅したと、論文は述べている。

　他の地質学者や古生物学者に受け入れられればだが、この説は、小惑星衝突で恐竜が死滅したのに、一部の生物がなぜ生き延びたのかをうまく説明できるかもしれない。「遮蔽物の下にいた生物は、この衝突を生き延びた種類とほぼ一致する。たとえばカメやワニ、さらには鳥もだ」とロバートソン博士は語った。

　カリフォルニア大学バークレー校とプリンストン大学の古生物学者たち――チチュルブ小惑星による絶滅説をめぐり対立している――からは、コメントを得られなかった。

　ロバートソン博士率いる研究チームは、調査結果を裏付ける証拠として、世界中の掘削サンプルや地層の自然の露出部から収集したデータを提示している。これらのデータは、小惑星の衝突で発生した降下物が堆積したと思われる層の存在を示すもので、この層には、煤(すす)と地球外のイリジウム――小惑星衝突説を裏付ける物質――に加え、岩が溶けてできた丸い小石が混ざっている。これらの小石は、惑星衝突後のファイアーストーム[爆発等の大火によって起こる激しい嵐]で堆積したものと考えられる。

　ロバートソン博士のチームは小石の分布密度と分布範囲を使って、小惑星衝突直後に大気中に巻き上げられた塵の総量を試算し、その数値から爆風のエネルギーを計算した。

　ロバートソン博士は、今回の発見には自信を持っていると述べながらも、この仮説の裏付けをより強固なものにするためには、さらなる調査が必要だと指摘する。とくに、世界中の掘削サンプルを集めて、より多くのデータを調査したいと博士は考えている。

　「われわれは、こうした数ミリの丸い小石が実際に世界中に散らばっていると推測しているが、もっと多くの場所で調査を行なう必要がある。簡単なことではない。適切な岩盤を見つけなければならないうえ、中央アジアの各地にまで手を広げるのは大変だ。十分な情報を集められない可能性も大いにある」

　それでも、これまで集めたデータで、地球に衝突した小惑星が予想以上に短い時間で生物を絶滅させる力を持っていたことを十分に証明できると、ロバートソン博士は述べている。さらに博士は、このような見解から、地球近接小惑星の調査支援に目を向ける。

　「今隕石が衝突したら、地球は6500万年前と同じように、途方もない壊滅状態に陥るだろう。もしも十分な時間的余裕があるなら、何かできることがあるはずだ」とロバートソン博士は語った。

[日本語版：天野美保／高森郁哉]